A Brief History of Stephen Hawking’s Time: Compared to CERN’s Boson Experiment Findings
Technology1. Introduction:
Stephen Hawking is considered one of the best popular science writers in the world. Especially his book ‘A brief history of time’ is the best-selling among popular science books, which deals with the evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang to the Black Holes.
Various aspects of the evolution of the Universe have been dealt with on the basis of Physics, in a powerful way in the book and deserves the best laurels. But any theory of physics needs empirical proof and the undersigned author tried to analyze the theories with the experimental findings of a magnificent experiment on the order of the recent CERN experiment, also known as the Hadron experiment. The results of the analysis are given below.
The purpose of this article is to first present the theories put forward by Stephen Hawking in his book and second to compare them with the findings of the CERN experiment and other popular books written by Erwin Schrodinger, Fritjof Capra, JBSHaldane, Ernst Opik and bring forward the point that the book’s three main findings lack experimental support.
2. The questions considered in the book ‘A brief history of time’:
The main questions posed by Stephen Hawking in the book are:
Was there a beginning of time?
Could time run backwards?
Is the Universe infinite or does it have borders?
3. Question # 1, Concept of TIME According to Stephen Hawking:
Stephen Hawking in this book has taken the concept of entropy increase as a measure of time. In fact it defines three concepts to define the concept of arrow of Time as:
1. Increasing entropy,
2. The psychological time. In the order of sequence by which we serialize events and
3. The direction in which the Universe is expanding (Chapter 9, Time Arrow)
Although he considers the previous three as true reflections of the arrow of time (time advances), he gives importance to entropy because he considers the increase in entropy as a measurable and reversible quantity exactly in the reverse direction to allow time travel in both directions. We already know that entropy (disorder) increases with the passage of time. Therefore, he concludes that the increase in entropy is an increase in time.
We previously studied that entropy is a measure of disorder. The disorder of the Universe tends to the maximum, thus marking the death of the Universe. Therefore, Mr. Hawking starts from zero clutter and measures the age of the Universe from the amount of clutter that currently exists, somewhat akin to carbon dating.
The postulate that entropy in the reverse direction reduces time cannot be empirically proven. Disorder, one day disorder can be totally annulled by some Natural Force and order can be restored. Therefore, measuring time using entropy is basically not possible unlike the age of the Earth using carbon dating. Also Mr. Hawking brings the concept of Negative Entropy, a measure of order for the inversion of Time. To do this, he is taking the example of a puzzle game (page 154).
It states that the initial position of the Jigsaw pieces that make up a complete image is in order and marks the time as zero. Then his position becomes disorderly marking an advance in time. When they are reassembled, time reverses in the negative direction and becomes zero when perfect order is restored. The same goes for a broken mug. During the forward journey it enters a total disorder and in the opposite direction, it returns order.
For the sake of simplicity, let me give the following Time Arrow flowchart in both directions as envisioned by Stephen Hawking:
I. Movement of the Universe in the direction of advance:
1 time zero represents the perfect order,
2. Progress in Time means that disorder increases. (More entropy)
3. End of time means maximum disorder OR maximum entropy (singularity)
II.On the reverse:
1.End of time means maximum disorder
2.Regression in time: the disorder decreases (the order or negative entropy increases)
3.The beginning of time means a perfect order (zero entropy)
This is the vivid description of time in terms of entropy given by Stephen Hawking in his book “A Brief History of Time.”
4. Discussions about entropy and negative entropy:
The author has already conducted detailed discussions on this topic and you are invited to make a reference to the undersigned author’s article on ezinearticles.com ‘What is life?’ – No 6488527 dated September 2, 2011 in which the concepts of entropy and negative entropy were discussed when reviewing Erwin Schrodinger’s book.
Both are just two forms of energy. We cannot measure energy by reversing the order of entropy. This is like saying, if the minute hand travels in reverse, time will also travel in the opposite direction. Energy manifests itself in different ways. Total energy is always a constant, which implies that there is no absolute Time as far as all Universal Energy is concerned. Time can be used to measure changes in energy and not the other way around, that is, energy to measure time.
This also answers question # 2 posed in the book. It is not about Time running in the reverse direction because what we interpret as Time are only various forms of Energy, either forward or backward, so there is no negative Time. For example, if I travel from India to London for 8 hours, the journey from London to India is also 8 hours and not -8 hours. Without a doubt, the distance is in the opposite direction, that is, negative. This will make it clear that any Energy position will be measured by Time only in one direction and reversal is not possible.
This is the great secret of Time and Energy. Various forms of universal energy are formed in such a way that energy rules, including entropy, circumvent other rules to keep time unchanged as far as direction is concerned.
This does not require any experimental testing. A deep insight will clarify this fact to those who think without prejudice.
5: Question 3: Is the Universe infinite or does it have limits?
Before analyzing the meaning of this theory, let’s look at the other aspect of his book, The Formation of the Universe.
Stephen Hawking has placed full responsibility for the formation and movement of the Universe on BIG BANG. His theory is that the Universe started from the Big Bang, its movement is due to its effect, TIME also started from that point. Therefore, the Big Bang is the starting point of both space and time. Let’s see how the CERN experiment totally contradicts it.
CERN EXPERIMENT (EUROPEAN CENTER FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH):
Note: The full details and finer aspects of the experiment are not within the scope of this article. We will only see the relevant aspects to the subject under consideration.
Let’s start our study with the Higgs boson that the CERN experiment claims to have discovered.
6. What is the Higgs boson?
The Higg boson is a zero-spin particle with a nonzero mass predicted by Peter Higgs (born 1929) that exists in certain electro-weak forces that require large accelerators (such as the W and Z bosons). Scientists seem to have succeeded on July 3 of this year as a new particle in the LARGE HADRON COLLIDER (LHC) In 1960, Higgs hypothesized the existence of an energy field and an associated particle that allowed particles to acquire mass without destroying the unification of forces. The latest data revealing the existence of a 125 GeV mass particle marks a high point in precision high-energy experimental physics. CERN scientists have announced that they have discovered the God particle, the key particle in the formation of the Universe. We will see the following two theories on this aspect.
to. Prediction of Satyendra Nath Bose (1894-1974)
The Indian-born scientist Satyendra Nath Bose (in whose name the BOSON nomenclature was born, Boson means particles that obey Bose-Einstein statistics) predicted the existence of the fundamental particle and the entire Universe is made up of only these particles and their derivatives .
b.Tao Physics and Boson Experiment:
Fritjof Capra (born 1939) realized that ocean waves, sun radiation and thought waves are true reflections of atomic vibrations that can be called Atomic Dances. The Indian saints used to visualize “Creation” as an eternal process with no beginning or end, and scientists also visualize the Universe as an eternal process.
There is no interruption to the birth and death of both material particles and Life. Therefore, the dance of atoms never stops. Billions of atoms are formed and then annihilated every second, which is known as ‘Cosmic Dance’.
The source of this activity is the Higg boson, which CERN experiments have now confirmed.
7. How do the CERN experiments deny Stephen Hawking’s theories?
Scientists like Einstein have not endorsed the Big Bang as the starting point of the Universe. Einstein has proposed a “stable state model” in which he assumed the existence of the Universe forever, similar to Hindu Philosophy and also to Holistic Philosophy. Ernst J. Opik’s model is an improved version of this Einstein model that states that the Universe is alternately expanding and contracting. There is no unanimous opinion among scientists that the Big Bang is the starting point of the Universe.
The enormous energy expended in the creation or separation of a Higgs boson sheds light on the tremendous energy required to make a Big Bang. Therefore, it can be concluded that a large amount of energy existed before the Big Bang, during the Big Bang and continues even today. Therefore, as it is written in the previous paragraphs, various forms of the Universe are just a manifestation of all energy in various forms.
Regarding the limits of the Universe, it was clarified in previous articles by this author, that OBJECTS create their own space and there is no separate entity known as SPACE and therefore there is no question of limit. In this regard, readers are referred to the book “The Expanding Universe” by JBS Haldane.
Therefore, the author’s conclusion through this article is that:
1. Time is the measure of various changes in energy levels. It has no addresses.
2. Space is only created by objects and there are no closed limits to space.
This writer is not a great scientist. But it is his humble suggestion that scientists can get out of the ‘Singular’ Big Bang myth and visualize various changes, including various singularities in total energy that always remains intact.
8.CONCLUSION:
Therefore, it is concluded that the answers given to the three questions in Stephen Hacking’s book “A Brief History of Time” are insufficient in light of the findings of the CERN experiment. The book can be studied in conjunction with Fritjof Capra’s “Tao of Physics”. . ‘What is Life and other articles’ by Schrodinger, ‘The oscillating Universe’ by Ernst J. Opik and ‘Steady State model’ by Albert Einstein to have complete answers to the questions posed by Hawking and have a complete understanding of the results of the experiment CERN.
Let us have an open mind to study the great design of the Universe and not close it with preconceptions.
I wish the readers all the best.